Table of Contents

Carbon compounds class 10 ssc board notes

📘 Chapter: Carbon Compounds

Class: 10th SSC (Maharashtra Board)

🔴 MOST IMPORTANT TOPICS (EXAM POINT OF VIEW)

1️⃣ Covalent Bonding in Carbon

Why carbon forms covalent bonds
Electron sharing
Properties of covalent compounds

2️⃣ Versatile Nature of Carbon ⭐⭐⭐

Catenation
Tetravalency
Long chain formation

3️⃣ Homologous Series ⭐⭐⭐

Definition
Characteristics
Example (Alkanes / Alcohols)

4️⃣ Functional Groups ⭐⭐⭐

–OH, –COOH, –CHO, –CO–, –COO–
Identification
Naming of compounds

5️⃣ Nomenclature of Carbon Compounds (IUPAC) ⭐⭐⭐

Rules
Prefix, suffix
Examples

6️⃣ Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes ⭐⭐⭐

General formula
Saturated vs Unsaturated
Chemical properties

7️⃣ Ethanol & Ethanoic Acid ⭐⭐⭐⭐

Preparation
Properties
Uses
Reactions

8️⃣ Soaps and Detergents ⭐⭐⭐⭐

Cleaning action
Structure
Difference between soap & detergent

Board exams mein aksar Electron Dot Structures, Functional Groups, aur Homologous Series par sawal aate hain.

1. Bonding in Carbon (Covalent Bond)

Carbon ka atomic number 6 hai (Configuration: 2, 4). Yeh 4 electrons share karke stable banta hai, jise Tetravalency kehte hain.

Methane ($CH_4$) Electron Dot Structure: * Center mein ek ‘C’ draw karein aur uske chaaro taraf 4 ‘H’.
- C aur H ke beech mein do dots (:) dikhayein jo sharing dikhate hain.
Ethane ($C_2H_6$) Structure: * Dono Carbon atoms ke beech single bond ($C-C$).

2. Hydrocarbons ka Classification

Exam mein inka fark aur general formula pucha jata hai:

Type	Bond Type	General Formula	Example
Alkanes	Single Bond ($C-C$)	$C_nH_{2n+2}$	Methane, Ethane
Alkenes	Double Bond ($C=C$)	$C_nH_{2n}$	Ethene, Propene
Alkynes	Triple Bond ($C\equiv C$)	$C_nH_{2n-2}$	Ethyne (Acetylene)

3. Functional Groups (Very Important for Labeling)

SSC Board mein yeh table yaad karna zaroori hai:

Alcohol: $-OH$ (Suffix: -ol) → e.g., Ethanol
Aldehyde: $-CHO$ (Suffix: -al) → e.g., Ethanal
Ketone: $-CO-$ (Suffix: -one) → e.g., Propanone
Carboxylic Acid: $-COOH$ (Suffix: -oic acid) → e.g., Ethanoic acid
Halogen: $-Cl, -Br, -I$ (Prefix: Chloro, Bromo)

4. Important Cyclic & Branch Structures

Cyclohexane ($C_6H_{12}$): 6 Carbon atoms ka ek hexagon ring.
Benzene ($C_6H_6$): Hexagon ring jisme alternate double bonds hote hain.
Structural Isomers: Jaise $n-butane$ (straight chain) aur $isobutane$ (branched chain). Inka molecular formula same hota hai par structure alag.

5. Allotropes of Carbon

Inka diagrammatic representation short notes mein aata hai:

Diamond: Tetrahedral structure (Strong).
Graphite: Hexagonal layers (Slippery, conducts electricity).
Fullerene ($C_{60}$): Football jaisa structure (Buckminsterfullerene).

Revision Tip: Board exam mein Electron Dot Structure pencil se neat banayein aur circles bilkul clear hone chahiye.

TRY DRAWING THE ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE OF ETHYNE

Formulae and Structures of Saturated Compounds of Carbon and Hydrogen

Carbon compounds class 10 ssc board notes

Formulae and structures of saturated compounds of carbon and hydrogen

📝 IMPORTANT EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

Q1. Why carbon forms covalent bonds?

Answer:
Carbon has 4 valence electrons. It cannot lose or gain 4 electrons easily, so it shares electrons with other atoms to complete its octet, forming covalent bonds.

Q2. Explain the versatile nature of carbon.

Answer:
Carbon shows versatility due to:

Catenation – ability to form long chains with itself
Tetravalency – ability to form four covalent bonds
This results in millions of carbon compounds.

Q3. What is homologous series?

Answer:
A homologous series is a group of organic compounds:

Having same functional group
Same general formula
Successive members differ by –CH₂ unit
Example: Alkanes (CH₄, C₂H₆, C₃H₈)

Q4. Define functional group with examples.

Answer:
Functional group is an atom or group of atoms that decides chemical properties of a compound.

Functional Group	Name
–OH	Alcohol
–COOH	Carboxylic acid
–CHO	Aldehyde
–CO–	Ketone

Q5. Write differences between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Saturated	Unsaturated
Single bond	Double / triple bond
Alkanes	Alkenes & Alkynes
Less reactive	More reactive

Q6. Write properties and uses of Ethanol.

Properties:

Colorless liquid
Soluble in water
Burns with blue flame

Uses:

As fuel
In medicines
As solvent

Q7. Write properties and uses of Ethanoic Acid.

Properties:

Sour taste
Turns blue litmus red
Reacts with carbonates

Uses:

Vinegar
Food preservative
Manufacture of esters

Q8. Explain cleaning action of soap.

Answer:
Soap molecules have:

Hydrophilic head (water-loving)
Hydrophobic tail (oil-loving)
They form micelles that trap grease and wash it away with water.

Q9. Difference between soap and detergent.

Soap	Detergent
Works in soft water	Works in hard water
Forms scum	No scum
Biodegradable	Non-biodegradable

Q10. Write general formula:

Alkane → CnH₂n+2
Alkene → CnH₂n
Alkyne → CnH₂n−2

⭐ VERY IMPORTANT DIAGRAMS (PRACTICE)

Soap micelle structure
Ethanol structure
Ethanoic acid structure
Covalent bond formation

📌 LAST-MINUTE BOARD EXAM TIPS – Carbon compounds class 10 ssc board notes

✔ Learn functional groups table
✔ Practice IUPAC naming
✔ Revise ethanol & ethanoic acid reactions
✔ Diagrams = 2–3 easy marks

🟢 MCQs (Most Expected) – Carbon compounds class 10 ssc board notes

1. Carbon forms covalent bonds because it has:
A) 2 valence electrons
B) 3 valence electrons
C) 4 valence electrons
D) 8 valence electrons
✅ Answer: C

2. Which property explains long chain formation in carbon?
A) Tetravalency
B) Isomerism
C) Catenation
D) Combustion
✅ Answer: C

3. General formula of alkenes is:
A) CnH₂n+2
B) CnH₂n
C) CnH₂n–2
D) CnHn
✅ Answer: B

4. –COOH functional group is present in:
A) Alcohol
B) Aldehyde
C) Ketone
D) Carboxylic acid
✅ Answer: D

5. Ethanol reacts with sodium to produce:
A) Hydrogen
B) Oxygen
C) Carbon dioxide
D) Nitrogen
✅ Answer: A

6. Which one is unsaturated hydrocarbon?
A) Methane
B) Ethane
C) Ethene
D) Propane
✅ Answer: C

7. Soap does not work properly in hard water because:
A) Forms foam
B) Forms scum
C) Is acidic
D) Is basic
✅ Answer: B

8. Vinegar contains:
A) Methanol
B) Ethanol
C) Ethanoic acid
D) Formic acid
✅ Answer: C

9. Functional group of aldehyde is:
A) –CO–
B) –CHO
C) –OH
D) –COOH
✅ Answer: B

10. Detergents are preferred over soaps because:
A) Cheap
B) Work in hard water
C) Natural
D) Less effective
✅ Answer: B

🔢 NUMERICAL-TYPE QUESTIONS (Very Important)

Q1. Find molecular formula of alkane with 5 carbon atoms.

Solution:
General formula of alkane = CnH₂n+2
n = 5
∴ Molecular formula = C₅H₁₂

Q2. Find molecular formula of alkene having 6 carbon atoms.

Answer:
CnH₂n = C₆H₁₂

Q3. An organic compound contains 3 carbon atoms and is saturated. Find its molecular formula.

Answer:
Alkane → C₃H₈

Q4. Find molecular formula of alkyne having 4 carbon atoms.

Answer:
CnH₂n−2 = C₄H₆

Q5. Name the compound having formula C₂H₅OH.

Answer: Ethanol

🟠 BOARD-PATTERN LONG ANSWERS (5 Marks)

Important link: https://sanskartutorials.in/class-10-science-notes-hindi-maharashtra-board/

Q1. Explain versatile nature of carbon.

Answer:
Carbon shows versatility due to following reasons:

Catenation: Carbon atoms form long chains, branches and rings.
Tetravalency: Carbon forms four covalent bonds with other atoms.
Strong covalent bonds: Carbon-carbon bonds are strong and stable.

Due to these properties, carbon forms a large number of organic compounds.

Q2. What is homologous series? Write its characteristics.

Answer:
A homologous series is a group of organic compounds having same functional group and general formula.

Characteristics:

Same chemical properties
Gradual change in physical properties
Successive members differ by –CH₂ unit
Same method of preparation

Example: Alkanes

Q3. Explain properties, preparation and uses of Ethanol.

Answer:

Properties:

Colorless liquid
Soluble in water
Burns with blue flame

Preparation:
By fermentation of sugar solution using yeast.

Uses:

Fuel
Medicines
Solvent

Q4. Explain cleaning action of soap with diagram.

Answer:
Soap molecules have:

Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tail

They form micelles in water. The hydrophobic tail traps oil while hydrophilic head remains in water. Dirt is removed while washing.

(Diagram compulsory in exam)

Q5. Write differences between soaps and detergents.

Answer:

Soap	Detergent
Works in soft water	Works in hard water
Forms scum	No scum
Biodegradable	Non-biodegradable
Less effective	More effective

Q6. Explain IUPAC naming of organic compounds.

Answer:
Steps:

Longest carbon chain selection
Numbering the chain
Naming functional group
Writing prefix and suffix

Example:
CH₃–CH₂–OH → Ethanol

📌 EXAM SCORING STRATEGY – Carbon compounds class 10 ssc board notes

✔ MCQs = fast & sure marks
✔ Numericals = easy formula-based
✔ Long answers = write points + diagram

🔴 IMPORTANT REACTIONS – Carbon Compounds

(Learn with balanced chemical equations)

1️⃣ Combustion Reactions ⭐⭐⭐

(Very common – 1–2 marks)

General Reaction:
Hydrocarbon + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Heat

Example:
CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O + Heat

2️⃣ Oxidation of Ethanol ⭐⭐⭐⭐

Reaction:
C₂H₅OH + [O] → CH₃COOH + H₂O

Oxidising agents:

Alkaline KMnO₄
Acidified K₂Cr₂O₇

3️⃣ Reaction of Ethanol with Sodium ⭐⭐⭐

2C₂H₅OH + 2Na → 2C₂H₅ONa + H₂↑

Observation:

Hydrogen gas evolves
Effervescence seen

4️⃣ Esterification Reaction ⭐⭐⭐⭐ (VERY IMPORTANT)

Reaction:
Ethanol + Ethanoic acid → Ester + Water

CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH
→ CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O

Conditions:

Conc. H₂SO₄
Heat

Product: Ethyl ethanoate (pleasant smell)

5️⃣ Saponification Reaction ⭐⭐⭐⭐

Reaction:
Ester + NaOH → Soap + Alcohol

CH₃COOC₂H₅ + NaOH
→ CH₃COONa + C₂H₅OH

6️⃣ Reaction of Ethanoic Acid with Sodium ⭐⭐⭐

2CH₃COOH + 2Na
→ 2CH₃COONa + H₂↑

7️⃣ Reaction of Ethanoic Acid with Sodium Carbonate ⭐⭐⭐

2CH₃COOH + Na₂CO₃
→ 2CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂↑

Test:
CO₂ turns lime water milky.

8️⃣ Reaction of Ethanoic Acid with Sodium Bicarbonate ⭐⭐⭐⭐

CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃
→ CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂↑

9️⃣ Dehydration of Ethanol ⭐⭐⭐

Reaction:
C₂H₅OH → C₂H₄ + H₂O

Conditions:

Conc. H₂SO₄
170°C

Product: Ethene

🔟 Addition Reaction (Unsaturated Hydrocarbons) ⭐⭐⭐

Example:
C₂H₄ + H₂ → C₂H₆

Condition:

Nickel catalyst

1️⃣1️⃣ Substitution Reaction (Alkanes) ⭐⭐⭐

Example:
CH₄ + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl + HCl

Condition:

Sunlight

1️⃣2️⃣ Oxidation of Ethanoic Acid ⭐⭐

Ethanoic acid + Oxidising agent
→ No reaction

(Used as distinguishing test)

📌 REACTIONS YOU MUST REMEMBER BY HEART

✔ Ethanol + Sodium
✔ Ethanol → Ethanoic acid
✔ Esterification
✔ Ethanoic acid + Carbonate
✔ Combustion of hydrocarbons

📝 Board Exam Tip – Carbon compounds class 10 ssc board notes

Equation + condition + name likhna = full marks
Esterification reaction ke sath smell point zaroor likho
Gas reaction me ↑ symbol use karo

🔴 NAME THE REACTION – IMPORTANT QUESTIONS – carbon compounds important reactions class 10

Q1.

CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH
→ CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O

Name the reaction:
✅ Esterification

Q2.

2C₂H₅OH + 2Na
→ 2C₂H₅ONa + H₂↑

Name the reaction:
✅ Reaction of ethanol with sodium
(Chemical reaction producing hydrogen gas)

Q3.

CH₄ + 2O₂
→ CO₂ + 2H₂O + Heat

Name the reaction:
✅ Combustion reaction

Q4.

C₂H₄ + H₂
→ C₂H₆

Name the reaction:
✅ Addition reaction

Q5.

CH₄ + Cl₂
→ CH₃Cl + HCl (in sunlight)

Name the reaction:
✅ Substitution reaction

Q6.

CH₃COOC₂H₅ + NaOH
→ CH₃COONa + C₂H₅OH

Name the reaction:
✅ Saponification reaction

Q7.

C₂H₅OH → C₂H₄ + H₂O
(Conc. H₂SO₄, 170°C)

Name the reaction:
✅ Dehydration reaction

Q8.

C₂H₅OH + [O]
→ CH₃COOH + H₂O

Name the reaction:
✅ Oxidation reaction

Q9.

CH₃COOH + Na₂CO₃
→ CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂↑

Name the reaction:
✅ Acid–carbonate reaction

Q10.

CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃
→ CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂↑

Name the reaction:
✅ Acid–bicarbonate reaction

Q11.

Ester + Alkali → Soap + Alcohol

Name the reaction:
✅ Saponification

Q12.

Hydrocarbon + Oxygen
→ CO₂ + H₂O + Heat

Name the reaction:
✅ Combustion

🟢 MOST FREQUENTLY ASKED IN BOARD

⭐⭐⭐⭐ Esterification
⭐⭐⭐⭐ Saponification
⭐⭐⭐ Addition reaction
⭐⭐⭐ Substitution reaction
⭐⭐ Oxidation of ethanol

📌 EXAM TIP – Carbon compounds class 10 ssc board notes

👉 “Name the reaction” me sirf reaction ka naam likhna hota hai
👉 Agar space mile, conditions likh do → extra impression
👉 Arrow ke upar Ni / Sunlight / Conc. H₂SO₄ likhna na bhoolen

❓ FAQ – Carbon Compounds (Exam Focused)

Q1. What are carbon compounds in Class 10?

Answer:
Carbon compounds are organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen and sometimes oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur etc. They mainly show covalent bonding.